How to write a business compliment letter alcoholism thesis sample. Title research paper abortion pay to do esl creative essay on usa? Best best essay editing service au, cheap book review proofreading services for masters esl resume ghostwriter for hire for university essay timeliness army, academic essay writers for hire usa Nov 16, · Center on Alcoholism, Substance Abuse, and Addictions. University of New Mexico. Structure and Writing Style Providing background information in the introduction of a research paper serves as a bridge that links the reader to the topic of your study. Precisely how long and in-depth this bridge should be is largely dependent upon how much Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research –, b. PMID: Grella, C.E. Services for perinatal women with substance abuse and mental health disorders: The unmet need. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs –78, PMID:
Apa research paper methods section
Women are less likely than men to use illicit drugs and develop drug-related problems Greenfield et al. Women drinkers tend to drink less alcohol less often than men do and are less likely than men to develop alcohol-related problems Fillmore et al.
When women do research paper on alcoholism substance abuse problems, they report problems of greater severity and experience more health-related consequences Bradley et al. Women research paper on alcoholism older than men are when they begin drinking to intoxication, but once they develop a pattern of regular intoxication, they:.
Encounter drinking-related problems more quickly than men Randall et al. Women make up about one-third of the population with alcohol problems and slightly less than half of those who have problems with other drugs Greenfield et al, research paper on alcoholism.
Identification of a problem is the first step toward treatment, whether by the person needing treatment, or by a family member, health care professional, employer, or government agency. For example, compared with men, substance abuse problems among women, research paper on alcoholism, particularly older women National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuseare less likely to be identified in health care settings Brienza and Stein Women with substance abuse are more likely than men to be identified through contacts with child protective services Fiorentine et al.
Women also are less likely than men to be referred for substance abuse treatment by their employers or schools Morgenstern and Bux and are more likely to have family members, friends, and partners who use drugs and support their substance use Bendtsen et al. Once people realize they have a substance abuse problem, they must decide or be convinced that they need help—through personal reflection, feedback from others, or legal, employer, or family mandates.
Information about possible differences in how men and women go through these processes is limited. Little is known about how families interact when a family member has substance abuse problems, about how the gender of that person influences how research paper on alcoholism or employers communicate about or manage these problems see Room et al.
Researchers have determined that employed women seeking treatment for alcohol problems are less likely than men to be married and, if married, are less likely to have had spouses who played a role in referral to treatment Blum et al. Men who receive suggestions to cut down or stop drinking are more likely to enter treatment, whereas such suggestions do not appear to predict treatment entry for women Weisner Early research suggested that women were discouraged by family members from seeking treatment Beckman and Amaroresearch paper on alcoholism, and an older Swedish study Dahlgren and Myrhed found that women were more likely than men to enter treatment after serious acute complications of their substance use e.
Women and men do not appear to differ, however, in their perceptions about the need for treatment Wu and Ringwalt In the context of mandated treatment, sources of mandates differ for men and women Grella and Joshiwith men more likely to be mandated to treatment by employers, through the criminal justice system, and by their families, research paper on alcoholism.
Women, in contrast, are more often referred by a social worker, suggesting family service agency involvement in their treatment entry Grella and Joshi To date, researchers have not directly addressed how gender affects the processes leading to such mandates. Once people recognize that they have a substance abuse problem and decide to seek treatment, they still must overcome a variety of barriers to finding and accessing treatment resources.
Many studies provide evidence for gender differences in the type, strength, and number of barriers people encounter as they consider and attempt to access treatment. For example, Brady and Ashley reported that women are more likely than men to experience economic barriers when seeking treatment. They also are more likely to have trouble finding the time to attend regular treatment sessions because of family responsibilities and must overcome problems with transportation.
Both men and women must overcome the stigma associated with seeking treatment, but women are particularly susceptible to feeling stigmatized Brady and Ashley Women are more likely than men to encounter barriers that prevent them from seeking or following through with treatment Brady and Ashley Women are more likely to experience economic barriers to treatment Brady and Ashley Women are more likely to have difficulty attending regular treatment sessions because of family responsibilities Brady and Ashley ; Brady and Randall Providing comprehensive services, such as housing, transportation, education, and income support, reduces post-treatment substance use among both men and women, but greater numbers of women need such services Marsh et al.
Women are more likely to report feeling shame or embarrassment because they are in substance abuse treatment Thom Anxiety or depressive disorders, which tend to be more prevalent and severe among women, may prevent women from seeking help with substance abuse problems Brady and Randall Lack of information about treatment options—their availability and likelihood of success—is another barrier.
Few studies have investigated whether men and women differ significantly in their knowledge in these areas. Limitations in everyday functioning caused by substance abuse and dependence and common co-occurring conditions, such as mental illness, also can prevent people from accessing treatment.
Although both men and women are likely to experience these functional limitations, anxiety and depressive disorders tend to be more prevalent Hesselbrock and Hesselbrock and more severe among women with substance abuse problems. For this reason, women may be less likely to seek or follow through with care Brady and Ashley Finally, women from some ethnic groups such as Hispanic women may experience cultural barriers e.
Department of Health and Human Services ] to seeking treatment Weiss et al. Moreover, older women are more likely than younger women to encounter physicians who do not believe research paper on alcoholism abuse treatment is effective for them, and to have insurance carriers that deny them coverage for treatment National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse In sum, women are more likely than men to encounter multiple barriers to treatment entry, making them less likely to seek care for their substance-related problems Brady and Ashley Consistent with these concerns, early research suggested that women with substance abuse problems were less likely to seek help than men with similar problem severity.
More recent research suggests that rates of treatment access have improved, with women seeking care at rates similar to those of men, at least in the years following problem onset Dawson Similar rates of treatment entry, however, may indicate that women continue to have reduced access compared with men because women consistently use more medical services in other settings than men do Bertakis et al.
Various barriers experienced by women, research paper on alcoholism, particularly those related to stigma, may influence where women seek help, and whether they seek it from a health professional, a self-help group, or from another source, such as research paper on alcoholism member of the clergy. Women have been more likely than men to seek help in mental health and primary care settings rather than in substance abuse treatment settings Weisner and Schmidt Recent research suggests that care obtained in these nonspecialty settings can lead to poorer treatment outcomes than those achieved at specialty treatment settings.
For example, Mojtabai found that people receiving specialty substance abuse treatment services research paper on alcoholism less likely to continue substance use than those receiving mental health services, research paper on alcoholism.
Women also are more likely to benefit from these self-help programs than men are Timko et al. In sum, research findings indicate that help-seeking for substance abuse, dependence, and substance-related problems is affected by gender and gender-related characteristics Weisner and Schmidt Research is needed to determine the relative value of improving substance abuse treatment services for women in the settings in which they currently seek care such as in mental health and primary care settings compared with the value of working to increase referrals to specialty addiction treatment.
Research has found that women research paper on alcoholism treatment for alcohol or other drug problems have more severe problems Arfken et al. Women are more likely to have experienced emotional, research paper on alcoholism, physical, and sexual abuse Wechsberg et al. Women also report more physical and mental health problems Brady et al. In addition, women entering treatment for alcohol-related problems are more likely than men to identify factors other than drinking e.
These differences have led many to conclude that women would be less likely to seek,initiate, or complete treatment, and would therefore have poorer long-term outcomes, research paper on alcoholism.
Once they have made contact with a source of help, people may or may not proceed to the next step in the process—initiating treatment. They have many choices about initiation, including choice of setting—that is, whether in a formal substance abuse treatment program, another health care setting, within a support group, or with an individual helper. After a recommendation for continuation often following assessment in a substance abuse treatment settingpeople must decide whether to continue along the path they have chosen, seek other services, or decline help.
Those who continue then must repeatedly choose whether or not to continue their involvement. This is true even if they have been mandated to treatment. People who select a formal treatment setting must decide whether or not they will complete the treatment program as it has been designed. Research has begun to assess the ways that gender affects the different steps in the treatment process: initiation, engagement and continuation in treatment, completion of the program, and subsequent outcomes, research paper on alcoholism.
Most recent studies suggest that gender either has no effect on initiation, or that if it does have an effect, women are more likely than men to initiate treatment Weisner et al. Women now appear at least as likely as men to engage in and complete treatment, although women from certain subgroups may be at risk for not completing treatment.
For example, African American women— as well as women with lower incomes who are unmarried, unemployed, or have psychological problems of greater severity—are less likely to continue with treatment Mertens and Weisner Research is needed to identify 1 subgroups at risk for not continuing treatment, 2 modifiable barriers to treatment completion among members research paper on alcoholism these groups, and 3 appropriate remedies for these barriers.
Many recent research efforts have addressed gender differences in treatment outcomes which are defined in various ways, including abstinence rates and number of days substances were used in a particular period. For example, one recent study found that men and women were equally likely to complete treatment, but women who completed treatment were nine times more likely to be abstinent than women who did not complete, whereas men who completed treatment were only three times more likely to be abstinent than men who did not complete treatment Green et al.
Because of the characteristics of women with substance abuse problems and the obstacles to treatment they face, many researchers have suggested that women would be less likely to seek, begin, or complete treatment, and would therefore have poorer long-term outcomes Schmidt and Weisner Research paper on alcoholism recent studies suggest that gender either has no effect on treatment initiation or, if it has an effect, research paper on alcoholism, women are more likely than men to initiate treatment Weisner et al.
Women now appear at least as likely as men to engage in and complete treatment Brady and Ashley Men and women are equally likely to complete treatment, but women who complete are nine times more likely to research paper on alcoholism abstinent than women who do not; men who complete treatment were only three times more likely to be abstinent than men who do not Green et al. Women in substance abuse treatment are less likely to relapse than men in treatment.
Women are more likely to relapse when their romantic partners are substance users Rubin et al. Women are more likely to report personal problems before relapse McKay et al.
Women who have been in treatment have better long-term recovery outcomes than men Dawson et al. Researchers also have identified many factors that differ by gender and affect treatment outcomes in important ways—including income, education, employment, types of substances used, psychiatric disorders and symptoms, marital status, self-efficacy, history of sexual abuse, and children in the home Green et al, research paper on alcoholism.
This suggests that addressing risks differentially, by gender, may help improve both the treatment process and outcomes for men and women.
Recognizing these risks, research paper on alcoholism, and the potentially differential needs of men and women, has led to the development of gender-specific treatment programs and the provision of women-centered ancillary services.
For example, evidence shows that providing services research paper on alcoholism as child care helps keep women in treatment Brady and Ashley Research on the benefits of gender-specific treatment is less clear than evidence on the benefits of ancillary services, because few studies have compared gender-specific treatment with mixed-gender treatment Orwin et al. One recent study randomly assigned female participants to women-only versus mixed-gender programs and found no differences in outcomes Kaskutas et al.
Yet, research paper on alcoholism, as is true for other aspects of the treatment process, some subgroups of women may be more likely to benefit from gender-specific treatment. For example, substance-abusing women with post-traumatic stress disorder PTSD may benefit significantly more from gender-specific programs designed to address PTSD and addiction problems simultaneously.
These programs provide gender-specific content and address, in a comfortable setting i, research paper on alcoholism. Men with PTSD resulting from combat experiences may similarly benefit from male-only groups. Pregnant and perinatal women also have needs that may be more easily addressed in women-only programs.
Although such programs are effective at improving outcomes Orwin et al. Finally, research paper on alcoholism, certain women may not seek treatment if women-only treatment programs are not available Weisner Rather than relying solely on gender- specific treatment, some researchers have examined ways to improve treatment by making it gender-sensitive. One approach is to match therapist and client gender or to match therapeutic modality to gender. Results of these efforts have been equivocal, research paper on alcoholism.
Project MATCH found that matching gender and therapeutic modality had no effect on outcomes Project MATCH Research Group Studies addressing therapist—client gender-matching have produced a range of outcomes—with some finding no effects, and others finding greater empathy and therapeutic alliance, longer treatment episodes, and higher rates of abstinence, but also more post-treatment psychiatric symptoms Fiorentine and Hillhouse ; Sterling et al.
Additional research could help to determine the types of clients best served by same-gender or opposite-gender therapists, and to illuminate the mechanisms by which matching influences treatment process and outcomes.
Not surprisingly, women who have stopped using substances relapse under different circumstances than men do. For example, women are more likely to relapse in the presence of a romantic partner than men are, and are less likely to relapse when they are alone Rubin et al. Women also are more likely to report interpersonal problems before relapse McKay et al. Such results suggest that future research on gender differences in treatment outcomes should focus on improving the understanding of the underlying factors which differ by gender and predict better outcomes such as better therapeutic alliances among women in treatment and reduced relapse.
Alcoholism - causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, pathology
, time: 14:45About research paper
Research proposal outlines. Baby resume for modeling, how to write hidden messages on paper example of a good thesis statement for alcoholism research paper About, how to write numbers backwards on the computer, short essay funny incident cheap thesis proposal ghostwriter services au. Career transition cover letter examples Nov 16, · Center on Alcoholism, Substance Abuse, and Addictions. University of New Mexico. Structure and Writing Style Providing background information in the introduction of a research paper serves as a bridge that links the reader to the topic of your study. Precisely how long and in-depth this bridge should be is largely dependent upon how much Popular letter writer services ca: alcoholism information for research paper 21st century resume examples research paper a is What professional school dissertation abstract help, pay for
No comments:
Post a Comment