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Paul Ehrlich German: [ˈpʰaʊ̯l ˈeːɐ̯lɪç] listen ; 14 March — 20 August was a Nobel Prize -winning German physician and cell dissertation mast thesis who worked in the fields of hematologyimmunologyand antimicrobial chemotherapy. Among his foremost achievements were finding a cure for syphilis in and inventing the precursor technique to Gram staining bacteria.
The methods he developed for staining tissue made it possible to distinguish between different types of blood cells, cell dissertation mast thesis, which led to the ability to diagnose numerous blood diseases. His laboratory discovered arsphenamine Salvarsanthe first effective medicinal treatment for syphilisthereby initiating and also naming the concept of chemotherapy. Ehrlich popularized the concept of a magic bullet.
He also made a decisive contribution to the development of an antiserum to combat diphtheria and conceived a method for standardizing therapeutic serums. Inhe received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his contributions to immunology. A genus of Rickettsiales bacteria, Ehrlichiais named after him. Ehrlich was born 14 March in Strehlen in the Prussian province of Lower Silesia in what is now south-west Poland.
He was the second child of Rosa Weigert and Ismar Ehrlich, the leader of the local Jewish community. His grandfather, Heymann Ehrlich, had been a fairly successful distiller and tavern manager.
Ehrlich was the uncle of Fritz Weigert and cousin of Karl Weigert. After elementary school, Paul attended the time-honored secondary cell dissertation mast thesis Maria-Magdalenen-Gymnasium cell dissertation mast thesis Breslauwhere he met Cell dissertation mast thesis Neisserwho later became a professional colleague. As a schoolboy inspired by his cousin Karl Weigert who owned one of the first microtomeshe became fascinated by the process of staining microscopic tissue substances.
He retained that interest during his subsequent medical studies at the universities of Breslau, cell dissertation mast thesis, StrasbourgFreiburg im Breisgau and Leipzig. After obtaining his doctorate inhe worked at the Charité in Berlin as an assistant medical director under Theodor Frerichs, the founder of experimental clinical medicine, focusing on histologyhematology and color chemistry dyes.
He married Hedwig Pinkus — in in the synagogue in Neustadt now Prudnik, Poland. The couple had two daughters, Stephanie and Marianne. Hedwig was a sister of Max Pinkuswho was an owner of the textile factory in Neustadt later known as ZPB "Frotex".
He settled in the villa of the Fränkel family on Wiesenerstrasse cell dissertation mast thesis Neustadt. After completing his clinical education and habilitation at the prominent Charité medical school and teaching hospital in Berlin incell dissertation mast thesis, Ehrlich traveled to Egypt and other countries in andin part to cure a case of tuberculosis which he had contracted in the laboratory.
Upon his return he established a private medical practice and small laboratory in Berlin-Steglitz. InRobert Koch invited Ehrlich to join the staff at his Berlin Institute of Infectious Diseases, where in a new branch, the Institute for Serum Research and Testing Institut für Serumforschung und Serumprüfungwas established for Ehrlich's specialization.
Ehrlich was named its founding director. In his institute moved to Frankfurt am Main and was renamed the Institute of Experimental Therapy Institut für experimentelle Therapie. One of his important collaborators there was Max Neisser. InEhrlich received a full position of honorary professor from the University of Göttingen. In Ehrlich became the director of the Georg Speyer House in Frankfurt, a private research foundation affiliated with his institute.
Here he discovered in the first drug to be targeted against a specific pathogen: Salvarsana treatment for syphilis, which was at that time one of cell dissertation mast thesis most lethal and infectious diseases in Europe.
InEhrlich was awarded the Cameron Prize of the University of Edinburgh. Among the foreign guest scientists working with Ehrlich at his institute were two Nobel Prize winners, Henry Hallett Dale and Paul Karrer. The institute was renamed Paul Ehrlich Institute in Ehrlich's honour in InEhrlich signed the Manifesto of the Ninety-Three which was a defense of Germany's World War I politics and cell dissertation mast thesis. On 17 August Ehrlich suffered a heart attack and died on 20 August in Bad Homburg vor der Höhe.
Paul Ehrlich was buried at the Old Jewish Cemetery, Frankfurt Block N. In the early s, Ehrlich's cousin Karl Weigert was the first person to stain bacteria with dyes and to introduce aniline pigments for histological studies and bacterial diagnostics.
During his studies in Strassburg under the anatomist Heinrich Wilhelm WaldeyerEhrlich continued the research started by his cousin in pigments and staining tissues for cell dissertation mast thesis study. He spent his eighth university semester in Freiburg im Breisgau investigating primarily the red dye dahlia monophenylrosanilingiving rise to his first publication. In he followed his dissertation supervisor Julius Friedrich Cohnheim to Leipzig, and that year obtained a doctorate with a dissertation entitled "Contributions to the Theory and Practice of Histological Staining" Beiträge zur Theorie und Praxis der histologischen Färbung.
One of the most outstanding results of his dissertation investigations was the discovery of a new cell type. Ehrlich discovered in the protoplasm of supposed plasma cells a granulate which could be made visible with the help of an alkaline dye, cell dissertation mast thesis.
He thought cell dissertation mast thesis granulate was a sign of good nourishment, and accordingly named these cells mast cellsfrom the German word for an animal-fattening feed, cell dissertation mast thesis, Mast. This focus on chemistry was unusual for a medical dissertation. In it, Ehrlich presented the entire spectrum of known staining techniques and the chemistry of the pigments employed.
While he was at the Charité, Ehrlich elaborated upon the differentiation of white blood cells according to their different granules, cell dissertation mast thesis. A precondition was a dry specimen technique, which he also developed. A drop of blood placed between two glass slides and heated over a Bunsen burner fixed the blood cells while still allowing them to be stained.
Ehrlich used both alkaline and acid dyes, and also created new "neutral" dyes. For the first time this made it possible to differentiate the lymphocytes among the leucocytes white blood cells, cell dissertation mast thesis. By studying their granulation he could distinguish between nongranular lymphocytes, mono- and poly-nuclear leucocytes, eosinophil granulocytesand mast cells. Starting inEhrlich also studied red blood cells. He demonstrated the existence of nucleated red blood cells, which he subdivided into normoblasts, megaloblasts, microblasts and poikiloblasts; he had discovered the precursors of cell dissertation mast thesis. Ehrlich thus also laid the basis for the analysis of anemiasafter he had created the basis for systematizing leukemias with his investigation of white blood cells.
His duties at the Charité included analyzing patients' blood and urine specimens. In he published a new urine test which could be used to distinguish various types of typhoid from simple cases of diarrhea. The intensity of staining made possible a disease prognosis, cell dissertation mast thesis.
The pigment solution he used is known today as Ehrlich's reagent. Ehrlich's great achievement, but also a source of problems during his further career, was that he had initiated a new field of study interrelating chemistry, biology and medicine.
Much of his work was rejected by the medical profession, which lacked the requisite chemical knowledge. It also meant that there was no suitable professorship in sight for Ehrlich.
When a student in Breslau, Ehrlich was given an opportunity by the pathologist Julius Friedrich Cohnheim to conduct extensive research and was also introduced to Robert Kochwho was at the time a district physician in Wollstein, Posen Province. In his spare time, Koch had clarified the life cycle of the anthrax pathogen and had contacted Ferdinand Cohnwho was quickly convinced by Koch's work and introduced him to his Breslau colleagues.
From 30 April to 2 MayKoch presented his investigations in Cell dissertation mast thesis, which the student Paul Ehrlich was able to attend. On 24 MarchEhrlich was present when Robert Koch, working since at the Imperial Public Health Office Kaiserliches Gesundheitsamt in Berlin, presented the lecture in which he reported how he was able to identify the tuberculosis pathogen.
Ehrlich later described this lecture as his "greatest experience in science", cell dissertation mast thesis. The day after Koch's lecture, Ehrlich had already made an improvement to Koch's staining method, which Koch unreservedly welcomed. From this date on, the two men were bound in friendship. In Ehrlich became an unsalaried lecturer in internal medicine Privatdozent für Innere Medizin at Berlin University, and in took over the tuberculosis station at a public hospital in Berlin-Moabit at Koch's request.
This was where Koch's hoped-for tuberculosis therapeutic agent tuberculin was under study; and Ehrlich had even injected himself with it. In the ensuing tuberculin scandalEhrlich tried to support Koch and stressed the value of tuberculin for diagnostic purposes. In Koch invited Ehrlich to work at the newly founded Institute of Infectious Diseases Institut für Infektionskrankheiten — now the Robert Koch Institute [8] at Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität now Humboldt University in Berlin.
Koch was unable to give him any remuneration, but did offer him full access to laboratory staff, patients, chemicals and laboratory animals, which Ehrlich always remembered with gratitude. Ehrlich had started his first experiments on immunization already in his private laboratory.
He accustomed mice to the poisons ricin and abrin. After feeding them with small but increasing cell dissertation mast thesis of ricin he ascertained that they had become "ricin-proof". Ehrlich interpreted this as immunization and observed that it was abruptly initiated after a few days and was still in existence after several months, but mice immunized against ricin were just as sensitive to abrin as untreated animals. This was followed by investigations on the "inheritance" of acquired immunity.
It was already known that in some cases after a smallpox or syphilis infection, specific immunity was transmitted from the parents to their offspring. Ehrlich rejected inheritance in the genetic sense because the offspring of a male mouse immunized against abrin and an untreated female mouse were not immune to abrin. He concluded that the fetus was supplied with antibodies via the pulmonary circulation of the mother.
This idea was supported by the fact that this "inherited immunity" decreased after a few months. In another experiment he exchanged the offspring of treated and untreated female mice.
The mice which were nursed by the treated females were protected from the poison, providing the proof that antibodies can also be cell dissertation mast thesis in milk. Ehrlich also researched autoimmunitybut he specifically rejected the possibility that an organism's immune system could attack the organism's own tissue calling it "horror autotoxicus". It was Ehrlich's student, Ernest Witebskywho demonstrated that autoimmunity cell dissertation mast thesis cause disease in humans, cell dissertation mast thesis.
Emil Behring had worked at the Berlin Institute of Infectious Diseases until on developing an antiserum for treating diphtheria and tetanus but with inconsistent results. Koch suggested that Behring and Ehrlich cooperate on the project. This joint work was successful to the extent that Ehrlich was quickly able to increase the level of immunity of the laboratory animals based on his experience with mice.
Clinical tests with diphtheria serum early in were successful and in August the chemical company Hoechst started to market Behring's "Diphtheria Remedy synthesized by Behring-Ehrlich".
The two discoverers had originally agreed to share any profits after the Hoechst share had been subtracted. Their contract was changed several times and finally Ehrlich was eventually pressured into accepting a profit share of only eight percent, cell dissertation mast thesis. Ehrlich resented what he considered as unfair treatment, and his relationship with Behring was thereafter problematic, a situation which later escalated over the issue of the valency [12] of tetanus serum.
Ehrlich recognized that the principle of serum therapy had been developed by Behring and Kitasato. But he was of the opinion that he had been the first to develop a serum which could also be used on humans, and that his role in developing the diphtheria serum had been insufficiently acknowledged.
Behring, for his part, schemed against Ehrlich at the Prussian Ministry of Culture, and from on Ehrlich refused to collaborate with him.
von Behring was the sole recipient of the first Nobel Prize in Medicine, infor contributions to research on diphtheria. Since antiserums were an entirely new type of medicine whose quality was highly variable, a government system was established to guarantee their safety and effectiveness. Beginning 1 Aprilonly government-approved serum could be sold in the German Reich, cell dissertation mast thesis.
The testing station for diphtheria serum was provisionally housed at the Institute of Infectious Diseases.
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